Sophia of Hanover, Princess Palatine--and Philosopher

Sophia of the Palatine, electress of Hanover (born 14 October 1630)

Sophia of the Palatine was the twelfth child of Frederick V, elector of the Palatine, and Elizabeth Stuart, the daughter of King James I of England. (A thirteenth and final child, a son, would be born in 1632.)

A young Sophia of the Palatine

Since her parents had lost the Palatinate during the Thirty Years' War, Sophie was born in the Hague, where her parents had taken refuge.

She was married to Ernest Augustus of Brunswick-Lüneburg in 1658; in 1692, he became elector of Hanover, which gave Sophia the name, Sophia of Hanover, by which she is most commonly known.

It was her Stuart connection that led ultimately to Sophia being named the heiress presumptive to the throne of England in the 1701 Act of Settlement--with William III dying and childless, and Anne Stuart's only surviving child, another William, having died at the age of eleven, in 1700, Sophia and the "heirs of her body" ("being Protestant") were determined to be the most acceptable successors to the English throne. 

If King William were succeeded by Queen Anne, and if neither managed to produce an heir--increasingly unlikely--then Sophia of the Palatine would become queen of England. (A German Protestant--even a woman--was preferable to a Catholic [and deposed] James II or, after his death in 1701, James's son, James Francis Edward Stuart.)

Of course, if you do the math, it's easy to see that by time Sophia was named as heir to the English throne she was already seventy years old--she was mother to five surviving children and grandmother to three (legitimate) grandchildren, already teenagers. 

Sophia managed to live until the age of eight-three, dying on 8 June 1714--Queen Anne died two months later, in August. Although Sophia thus missed becoming queen of England, her eldest son, George, became king.

Sophia as electress of Hanover

While all of this is interesting enough, what is more intriguing about Sophia of the Palatinate is her link to the philosopher Gottfried Leibniz, librarian at the court of Hanover. Sophia corresponded with Leibniz for nearly forty years, from 1676 until her death.

As Lloyd Strickland notes, "In philosophical circles, Sophie is known mainly as the friend, patron, and correspondent of Leibniz, who was employed by the court of Hanover. Although Leibniz and Sophie met often, both professionally and socially, they still corresponded regularly, and around 600 items of their correspondence survive today (this figure is inclusive of drafts and other variants)."

Their correspondence was recognized for its philosophical importance as early as the nineteenth century, when it was first published. (Her correspondence also shows her interest in--and familiarity with--the ideas of Descartes and Spinoza.) 

But, more recently, Sophia of Hanover has been recognized as a philosopher in her own right. Rather than simply displaying a "passive interest" in philosophy, Strickland argues that "Sophie did make interesting philosophical contributions of her own, principally concerning the nature of mind and thought." 

You can access Lloyd Strickland's "The Philosophy of Sophie, Electress of Hanover," originally published in Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy, by clicking here. 

You can also read for yourself--her correspondence with Leibniz, as well as that of her daughter, Sophia Charlotte, queen of Prussia, are published in Strickland's Leibniz and the Two Sophies: The Philosophical Correspondence. 

Sophia of Hanover, c. 1706

Of course you won't find a hint of this in the entry for "Sophia, Electress of Hanover" in the Encyclopedia Britannica. Just sayin' . . . 

Also, there is the unpleasant matter of Sophia of Hanover's relationship to Sophia Dorothea of Celle, as we have seen . . . 

Anne Stuart, Queen Regnant of Great Britain and Ireland

Anne Stuart, queen of England, Ireland and Scotland (reign begins, 19* March 1702)

Although we tend to think most often only of the reigning Tudor queens, Mary and Elizabeth, and maybe, on occasion, of Queen Victoria, there are two other female monarchs who have sat on the English throne (other than the current one), two sisters, Mary and Anne Stuart.

Queen Anne,
1705 painting by Michael Dahl

Today, 19 March,* the younger of those two women, Anne, became queen of England. The daughter of the deposed King James II, Anne ruled for a relatively short time, from 1702 until 1714.

She is most frequently remembered (if she is remembered at all) for having been pregnant seventeen times--most of these pregnancies ending in miscarriage or stillbirths, none of her children surviving childhood.

More cruelly and callously, she is often reviled for being fat. This focus on her body, and on its reproductive "failings," along with dismissal of her as being stupid, weak, and manipulated by favorites, is unfair, and recently historians have begun a reassessment of her role as queen. 

In his biography of Anne, David Green argues that "Hers was not, as used to be supposed, petticoat government. She had considerable power; yet time and time again she had to capitulate." Maureen Waller notes that traditional assessments of Anne may have more to do with the biases and assumptions of male historians than with Anne's abilities--or lack of them.

There are several full-length biographies to choose from--David Green's Queen Anne, Edward Gregg's Queen Anne, and Anne Somerset's Queen Anne: The Politics of Passion. Maureen Waller, to whom I referred, above, includes a discussion of Anne in her Sovereign Ladies: Sex, Sacrifice, and Power, the Six Reigning Queens of England, and treats both Stuart queens, Mary and Anne, in her Ungrateful Daughters: The Stuart Princesses Who Stole Their Father's Crown, but she presents an extremely negative view of Anne.

One of the most intriguing aspects of Anne's life is her passionate and disastrous friendship with Sarah Churchill, duchess of Marlborough and, later, with Abigail Hill, baroness Masham. Somerset is particularly good with her analysis on the significance of these relationships. 

*Dating for William's death and Anne's accession often vary in sources, depending on whether the date is given in the Old Style or New Style [the calendar shifted in 1752]--in the Old Style, Anne's becoming queen occurred on 8 March, but for the purpose of this blog, I'm posting about Anne today, using the New Style!